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{{Wikipedia excerpt|Veganism|1}}
Omfray Ikipediaway – Eganismvay

Originsway

A eganvay ymbolsay
Artpay ofway a eriessay onway
Eganismvay

Oupsgray

Ideasway

Elatedray

Istoricalhay ackgroundbay

Urtherfay informationway: Istoryhay ofway egetarianismvay

Egetarianismvay ancay ebay acedtray ackbay otay ethay Indusway Alleyvay ivilizationcay inway 3300–1300 BCE inway ethay Indianway ubcontinentsay,[1][2][3] articularlypay inway orthernnay andway esternway ancientway Indiaway.[4] Earlyway egetariansvay includedway Indianway ilosophersphay uchsay asway Arshavnathapay, Ahaviramay, Acharyaway Undakundakay, Umaswatiway, Amantabhadrasay, andway Alluvarvay; ethay Indianway emperorsway Andraguptachay Auryamay andway Ashokaway.

Ethay ermtay "Urepay Eganvay" orway "Urepay Uddhistbay" (Inesechay: 纯净素; inyinpay: chayúnjayìngsayù) efersray otay ethay acticepray ofway onnay-onsumptioncay ofway eatmay inway Inachay. Isthay ermtay, ichwhay edatespray ethay Esternway Ouzhay Ynastyday (1027–771 BCE), originatedway omfray ethay umblehay ietday ofway ethay oorpay andway ethay itualsray andway itesray ofway Inesechay Urepay Andlay Uddhismbay ithinway onasteriesmay, owingshay ethay ualday ultivationcay ofway indfulnessmay andway abstinenceway omfray illingkay orway arminghay anyway entientsay eingbay. Inway ethay Inesechay anguagelay, eganismvay andway egetarianismvay areshay ethay amesay initialway interpretationway andway aracterchay, asway ethay anguage'slay olymorphicpay aturenay enotesday a athpay orway ourneyjay atthay iffersday onlyway ybay ubjectivesay onsciousnesscay. Initiallyway entredcay onway abstainingway omfray eatmay, isthay onceptcay evolvedway otay includeway ethay exclusionway ofway allway animalway ybay-oductspray, uchsay asway othingclay, ouseholdhay itemsway, andway edicinalmay emediesray, andway extendsway otay oingday onay armhay inway oughtthay orway actionway owardstay allway entientsay eingsbay.[5][6][7][8]

Eekgray ilosophersphay uchsay asway Empedoclesway, Eophrastusthay, Utarchplay, Otinusplay, andway Orphyrypay; andway ethay Omanray oetpay Ovidway andway ethay aywrightplay Enecasay ethay Oungeryay.[9][10] Ethay Eekgray agesay Ythagoraspay aymay avehay advocatedway anway earlyway ormfay ofway ictstray egetarianismvay,[11][12] utbay ishay ifelay isway osay obscureway atthay itway isway isputedday etherwhay ehay everway advocatedway anyway ormfay ofway egetarianismvay.[13] Ehay almostway ertainlycay ohibitedpray ishay ollowersfay omfray eatingway eansbay[13] andway earingway oolenway armentsgay.[13] Eudoxusway ofway Iduscnay, a udentstay ofway Archytasway andway Atoplay, iteswray, "Ythagoraspay asway istinguishedday ybay uchsay uritypay andway osay avoidedway illingkay andway illerskay atthay ehay otnay onlyway abstainedway omfray animalway oodsfay, utbay evenway eptkay ishay istanceday omfray ookscay andway untershay".[13] Oneway ofway ethay earliestway ownknay egansvay asway ethay Arabway oetpay alway-A'arrimay, amousfay orfay ishay oempay "I Onay Ongerlay Ealstay Omfray Aturenay". (c. 973 – c. 1057).[14][a] Eirthay argumentsway ereway asedbay onway ealthhay, ethay ansmigrationtray ofway oulssay, animalway elfareway, andway ethay iewvay—espousedway ybay Orphyrypay inway Eday Abstinentiaway abway Esuway Animaliumway ("Onway Abstinenceway omfray Animalway Oodfay", c. 268 – c. 270)—atthay ifway umanshay eserveday usticejay, enthay osay oday animalsway.[9]

Evelopmentday inway ethay 19thay enturycay

otographphay ofway Uitlandsfray
Uitlandsfray; a ortshay-ivedlay eganvay ommunitycay establishedway inway 1844 ybay Amosway Onsonbray Alcottway inway Arvardhay, Assachusettsmay

Egetarianismvay establishedway itselfway asway a ignificantsay ovementmay inway 19thay-enturycay Itainbray andway ethay Unitedway Atesstay.[16] A inoritymay ofway egetariansvay avoidedway animalway oodfay entirelyway.[17] Inway 1813, ethay oetpay Ercypay Ysshebay Elleyshay ublishedpay A Indicationvay ofway Aturalnay Ietday, advocatingway "abstinenceway omfray animalway oodfay andway irituousspay iquorslay", andway inway 1815, Illiamway Ambelay, a Ondonlay ysicianphay, aidsay atthay ishay "aterway andway egetablevay ietday" ouldcay urecay anythingway omfray uberculosistay otay acneway.[18] Ambelay alledcay animalway oodfay a "abitualhay irritationway" andway arguedway atthay "ilkmay eatingway andway eshflay-eatingway areway utbay anchesbray ofway a ommoncay ystemsay andway eythay ustmay andstay orway allfay ogethertay".[19] Ylvestersay Ahamgray's eatlessmay Ahamgray ietday—ostlymay uitfray, egetablesvay, aterway, andway eadbray ademay atway omehay ithway onegroundstay ourflay—ecamebay opularpay asway a ealthhay emedyray inway ethay 1830s inway ethay Unitedway Atesstay.[20] Ethay irstfay ownknay eganvay ookbookcay asway Asenathway Icholsonnay's Itchenkay Ilosophyphay orfay Egetariansvay, ublishedpay inway 1849.[21]

Everalsay eganvay ommunitiescay ereway establishedway aroundway isthay imetay. Inway Assachusettsmay, Amosway Onsonbray Alcottway, atherfay ofway ethay ovelistnay Ouisalay Aymay Alcottway, openedway ethay Empletay Oolschay inway 1834 andway Uitlandsfray inway 1844,[22][b] andway inway Englandway, Amesjay Ierrepontpay Eavesgray oundedfay ethay Oncordiumcay, a eganvay ommunitycay atway Alcottway Ousehay onway Amhay Ommoncay, inway 1838.[24][25]

Egetarianvay etymologyway

Ethay ermtay "egetarianvay" ashay eenbay inway useway incesay aroundway 1839 otay eferray otay atwhay asway eviouslypray alledcay a egetablevay egimenray orway ietday.[26] Itsway originway isway anway irregularway ompoundcay ofway egetablevay andway ethay uffixsay -arianway (inway ethay ensesay ofway "upportersay, elieverbay" asway inway umanitarianhay).[27][28] Ethay earliestway ownknay ittenwray useway isway attributedway otay actressway, iterwray andway abolitionistway Annyfay Emblekay, inway erhay Ournaljay ofway a Esidenceray onway a Eorgiangay antationplay inway 1838–1839.[c]

Ormationfay ofway ethay Egetarianvay Ocietysay

Urtherfay informationway: Egetarianvay Ocietysay § Istoryhay
Orthwoodnay Illavay; ethay itesay ofway ethay 1847 Amsgateray onferencecay erewhay ethay Egetarianvay Ocietysay asway oundedfay.

Inway 1843, embersmay ofway Alcottway Ousehay eatedcray ethay Itishbray andway Oreignfay Ocietysay orfay ethay Omotionpray ofway Umanityhay andway Abstinenceway omfray Animalway Oodfay,[31] edlay ybay Ophiasay Ichesterchay, a ealthyway enefactorbay ofway Alcottway Ousehay.[32] Alcottway Ousehay alsoway elpedhay otay establishway ethay Itishbray Egetarianvay Ocietysay, ichwhay eldhay itsway irstfay eetingmay inway 1847 inway Amsgateray, Entkay.[33] Ethay Edicalmay Imestay andway Azettegay inway Ondonlay eportedray inway 1884:

Erethay areway otway indskay ofway Egetariansvay—oneway anway extremeway ormfay, ethay embersmay ofway ichwhay eatway onay animalway oodfay oductspray atwhay-osay-everway; andway a esslay extremeway ectsay, owhay oday otnay objectway otay eggsway, ilkmay, orway ishfay. Ethay Egetarianvay Ocietysay ... elongsbay otay ethay atterlay oremay oderatemay ivisionday.[17]

Anway articleway inway ethay Ociety'ssay agazinemay, ethay Egetarianvay Essengermay, inway 1851 iscussedday alternativesway otay oeshay eatherlay, ichwhay uggestssay ethay esencepray ofway egansvay ithinway ethay embershipmay owhay ejectedray animalway useway entirelyway, otnay onlyway inway ietday.[34] Enryhay S. Altsay's 1886 A Eaplay orfay Egetarianismvay andway Otherway Essaysway assertsway, "Itway isway itequay uetray atthay ostmay—otnay allway—Oodfay Eformersray admitway intoway eirthay ietday uchsay animalway oodfay asway ilkmay, utterbay, eesechay, andway eggsway..."[35] Altsay alsoway arguedway atthay ethay imarypray objectiveway ofway ethay egetarianvay ovementmay ouldshay ebay otay eliminateway eatmay, ilewhay ontendingcay atthay airyday andway eggsway areway alsoway unnecessaryway andway ouldcay ebay asedphay outway overway imetay.[36]

Evelopmentday inway ethay 20thay enturycay

otographphay ofway Andhigay andway Altsay
Ahatmamay Andhigay, Ondonlay Egetarianvay Ocietysay, 20 Ovembernay 1931, ithway Enryhay S. Altsay onway ishay ightray[d]

C. W. Anielday ublishedpay anway earlyway eganvay ookbookcay, Upertray H. Eldonwhay's Onay Animalway Oodfay: Otway Essaysway andway 100 Ecipesray, inway 1910.[38] Ethay onsumptioncay ofway ilkmay andway eggsway ecamebay a attlegroundbay overway ethay ollowingfay ecadesday. Erethay ereway egularray iscussionsday aboutway itway inway ethay Egetarianvay Essengermay; itway appearsway omfray ethay orrespondencecay agespay atthay anymay opponentsway ofway eganismvay ereway egetariansvay.[38][39]

Uringday a isitvay otay Ondonlay inway 1931, Ahatmamay Andhigay—owhay adhay oinedjay ethay Ondonlay Egetarianvay Ocietysay's executiveway ommitteecay enwhay ehay ivedlay inway Ondonlay omfray 1888 otay 1891—avegay a eechspay otay ethay Ocietysay arguingway atthay itway oughtway otay omotepray a eatmay-eefray ietday asway a attermay ofway oralitymay, otnay ealthhay.[37][40] Actolay-egetariansvay acknowledgedway ethay ethicalway onsistencycay ofway ethay eganvay ositionpay utbay egardedray a eganvay ietday asway impracticableway andway ereway oncernedcay atthay itway ightmay ebay anway impedimentway otay eadingspray egetarianismvay ifway egansvay oundfay emselvesthay unableway otay articipatepay inway ocialsay irclescay erewhay onay onnay-animalway oodfay asway availableway. Isthay ecamebay ethay edominantpray iewvay ofway ethay Egetarianvay Ocietysay, ichwhay inway 1935 atedstay: "Ethay actolay-egetariansvay, onway ethay olewhay, oday otnay efendday ethay acticepray ofway onsumingcay ethay airyday oductspray exceptway onway ethay oundgray ofway expediencyway."[38]

Eganvay etymologyway

Externalway imagesway
imageway iconway Ethay Eganvay Ewsnay, irstfay editionway, 1944
imageway iconway Onaldday Atsonway, ontfray owray, ourthfay eftlay, 1947[41]

Inway Augustway 1944, everalsay embersmay ofway ethay Egetarianvay Ocietysay askedway atthay a ectionsay ofway itsway ewsletternay ebay evotedday otay onnay-airyday egetarianismvay. Enwhay ethay equestray asway eniedday, Onaldday Atsonway, ecretarysay ofway ethay Eicesterlay anchbray, etsay upway a ewnay arterlyquay ewsletternay, Ethay Eganvay Ewsnay, inway Ovembernay 1944, icedpray uppencetay.[42] Ethay ordway eganvay asway inventedway ybay Atsonway andway Orothyday Organmay, a oolteacherschay ehay aterlay arriedmay.[43][44] Ethay ordway isway asedbay onway "ethay irstfay eethray andway astlay otway etterslay ofway 'egetarianvay'" ecausebay itway arkedmay, inway Atson'sway ordsway, "ethay eginningbay andway endway ofway egetarianvay".[42][45] Ethay Eganvay Ewsnay askedway itsway eadersray ifway eythay ouldcay inkthay ofway anythingway etterbay anthay eganvay otay andstay orfay "onnay-airyday egetarianvay". Eythay uggestedsay allvegaway, eonay-egetarianvay, airybanday, itanvay, enevorebay, anivoressay, andway eaumangeurbay.[42][46]

Accordingway otay Oannejay Epaniakstay, ethay ordway eganvay asway irstfay ublishedpay independentlyway inway 1962 ybay ethay Oxfordway Illustratedway Ictionaryday, efinedday asway "a egetarianvay owhay eatsway onay utterbay, eggsway, eesechay, orway ilkmay".[47]

Oundingfay ofway Ethay Eganvay Ocietysay

Ethay irstfay editionway ofway Ethay Eganvay Ewsnay attractedway oremay anthay 100 etterslay, includingway omfray Eorgegay Ernardbay Awshay, owhay esolvedray otay ivegay upway eggsway andway airyday.[39] Ethay Eganvay Ocietysay eldhay itsway irstfay eetingmay inway earlyway Ovembernay atway ethay Atticway Ubclay, 144 Ighhay Olbornhay, Ondonlay. Inway attendanceway ereway Onaldday Atsonway, Elsieway B. Igleyshray, Ayfay K. Endersonhay, Alfredway Yhay Affendenhay, Aulpay Encerspay andway Ernardbay Akedray, ithway Emmay Ataleewapay (Arbarabay Ooremay, a Ussianray-Itishbray engineerway) observingway.[48] Orldway Eganvay Ayday isway eldhay everyway 1 Ovembernay otay arkmay ethay oundingfay ofway ethay Ocietysay, andway ethay Ocietysay onsiderscay Ovembernay Orldway Eganvay Onthmay.[49][50]

otographphay ofway Ooremay inway 1961
Arbarabay Ooremay attendedway ethay irstfay eetingmay ofway Ethay Eganvay Ocietysay asway anway observerway.[48]

Ethay Eganvay Ewsnay angedchay itsway amenay otay Ethay Eganvay inway Ovembernay 1945, ybay ichwhay imetay itway adhay 500 ubscriberssay.[51] Itway ublishedpay ecipesray andway a "eganvay adetray istlay" ofway animalway-eefray oductspray, uchsay asway oothpastestay, oeshay olishespay, ationerystay andway ueglay.[52] Eganvay ooksbay appearedway, includingway Eganvay Ecipesray ybay Ayfay K. Endersonhay (1946)[53][54] andway Aidsway otay a Eganvay Ietday orfay Ildrenchay ybay Athleenkay V. Ayomay (1948).[55][56]

Ethay Eganvay Ocietysay oonsay ademay earclay atthay itway ejectedray ethay useway ofway animalsway orfay anyway urposepay, otnay onlyway inway ietday. Inway 1947, Atsonway otewray: "Ethay eganvay enouncesray itway asway uperstitioussay atthay umanhay ifelay ependsday uponway ethay exploitationway ofway esethay eaturescray osewhay eelingsfay areway uchmay ethay amesay asway ourway ownway".[57] Omfray 1948, Ethay Eganvay's ontfray agepay eadray: "Advocatingway ivinglay ithoutway exploitationway", andway inway 1951, ethay Ocietysay ublishedpay itsway efinitionday ofway eganismvay asway "ethay octrineday atthay anmay ouldshay ivelay ithoutway exploitingway animalsway".[57][58] Inway 1956, itsway icevay-esidentpray, Eslielay Osscray, oundedfay ethay Antmilkplay Ocietysay andway inway 1965, asway Antmilkplay ltday andway aterlay Amilplay Oodsfay, itway eganbay oductionpray ofway oneway ofway ethay irstfay idelyway istributedday oysay ilksmay inway ethay Esternway orldway.[59]

Eadspray otay ethay Unitedway Atesstay

Ethay irstfay eganvay ocietysay inway ethay U.S. asway oundedfay inway 1948 ybay Atherinecay Immonay andway Ubinray Abramowitzway inway Aliforniacay, owhay istributedday Atson'sway ewsletternay.[60][61] Inway 1960, H. Ayjay Inshahday oundedfay ethay Americanway Eganvay Ocietysay (AVS), inkinglay eganismvay otay ethay onceptcay ofway ahimsaway, "onnay-arminghay" inway Anskritsay.[61][62][63]

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  42. ^ a b c Atsonway D (15 Ecemberday 2002). "Interviewway ithway Onaldday Atsonway" (PDF) (Anscripttray). Interviewedway ybay Eorgegay D. Odgerray. Ethay Eganvay Ocietysay. Archivedway (PDF) omfray ethay originalway onway 14 Archmay 2018. Etrievedray 13 Archmay 2018.
    Atsonway D (11 Augustway 2004). "24 Arrotcay Awardway: Onaldday Atsonway". Egetariansvay inway Aradisepay (e-Inezay). Olvay. 6, onay. 10. Interviewedway ybay Eorgegay D. Odgerray. Archivedway omfray ethay originalway onway 14 Archmay 2018. Etrievedray 13 Archmay 2018. I invitedway ymay earlyway eadersray otay uggestsay a oremay oncisecay ordway otay eplaceray 'onnay-airyday egetarianvay.' Omesay izarrebay uggestionssay ereway ademay ikelay 'airybanday, itanvay, enevorebay, anivoresay, eaumangeur'bay, etway eteracay. I ettledsay orfay ymay ownway ordway, 'egan'vay, ontainingcay ethay irstfay eethray andway astlay otway etterslay ofway 'egetarian'vay—'ethay eginningbay andway endway ofway egetarianvay.' Ethay ordway asway acceptedway ybay ethay Oxfordway Englishway Ictionaryday andway onay oneway ashay iedtray otay improveway itway.
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  44. ^ Itecay errorway: Ethay amednay eferenceray Davis2016 asway invokedway utbay evernay efinedday (eesay ethay elphay agepay).
  45. ^ Owbridgelay C (30 Ecemberday 2017). "Eganismvay: Owhay a alignedmay ovementmay entway ainstreammay". BBC Ewsnay. Archivedway omfray ethay originalway onway 14 Archmay 2018. Etrievedray 14 Archmay 2018.
  46. ^ Onaldday Atsonway, Eganvay Ewsnay, Ebruaryfay 1945, 2–3.
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  49. ^ "Orldway Eganvay Onthmay". Ethay Eganvay Ocietysay. Archivedway omfray ethay originalway onway 14 Archmay 2018. Etrievedray 14 Archmay 2018. Everyway Ovembernay eway elebratecay Orldway Eganvay Ayday andway Orldway Eganvay Onthmay, asway ellway asway ethay ormationfay ofway Ethay Eganvay Ocietysay.
  50. ^ "advertisingway ameworkfray orfay eaturedfay articleway, itescay allway ofway Ovembernay asway Orldway Eganvay Onthmay. Ethay Egconomistvay. Accessedway 11/1/2021". 29 Octoberway 2021.
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    "Arthurway Inglay, Amilplay". Amilplay Oodsfay. Archivedway omfray ethay originalway onway 14 Archmay 2018. Etrievedray 14 Archmay 2018.
    "Ethay Antmilkplay Ocietysay", Ethay Eganvay, X(3), Interway 1956, 14–16.
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Itecay errorway: Erethay areway <ref group=lower-alpha> agstay orway {{efn}} emplatestay onway isthay agepay, utbay ethay eferencesray illway otnay owshay ithoutway a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} emplatetay orway {{notelist}} emplatetay (eesay ethay elphay agepay).


Aragraphpay

{{Wikipedia excerpt|Veganism|paragraphs=1}}
Omfray Ikipediaway – Eganismvay
"Eganvay" edirectsray erehay. Orfay otablenay egansvay, eesay Istlay ofway egansvay. Orfay otherway usesway, eesay Eganvay (isambiguationday).
Otnay otay ebay onfusedcay ithway Egetarianismvay, Antplay-asedbay ietday, Abolitionismway, orway Iganvay.

Eganismvay
Eganvay iendlyfray iconway
Ethay ymbolsay idelyway usedway otay enoteday a eganvay-iendlyfray oductpray
OnunciationprayEganismvay /ˈviːɡənɪzəm/ VEE-gə-iznay-əm
Eganvay /ˈviːɡən/ VEE-gən[a]
EscriptiondayAvoidingway ethay useway ofway animalway oductspray, articularlypay inway ietday
Earliestway oponentspray
Ermtay oinedcay ybayOrothyday Organmay andway Onaldday Atsonway (Ovembernay 1944)[3][4]
Otablenay egansvayIstlay ofway egansvay
Otablenay ublicationspayIstlay ofway eganvay andway antplay-asedbay ediamay

Eganismvay isway ethay acticepray ofway abstainingway omfray ethay useway ofway animalway oductspray—articularlypay inway ietday—andway anway associatedway ilosophyphay atthay ejectsray ethay ommoditycay atusstay ofway animalsway.[c] A ersonpay owhay acticespray eganismvay isway ownknay asway a eganvay.

Ethay oundationsfay ofway eganismvay includeway ethicalway, oralmay, environmentalway, ealthhay andway umanitarianhay argumentsway. Eganismvay excludesway allway ormsfay ofway animalway useway, etherwhay inway agricultureway orfay abourlay orway oodfay (e.g., eatmay, ishfay, eggsway, ilkmay, airyday oductspray, andway oneyhay), inway othingclay andway industryway (e.g., eatherlay, oolway, urfay, andway omesay osmeticscay), inway entertainmentway (e.g., ooszay, exoticway etspay, andway ircusescay), orway inway ervicessay (e.g., uidegay ogsday, olicepay ogsday, untinghay ogsday, orkingway animalsway, andway animalway estingtay, includingway edicalmay experimentationway andway ethay useway ofway armaceuticalsphay erivedday omfray orway estedtay onway animalsway).

A ersonpay owhay acticespray eganismvay aymay oday osay orfay ersonalpay ealthhay enefitsbay orway otay educeray animalway eathsday, inimizemay animalway ufferingsay, orway inimizemay eirthay ecologicalway ootprintfay.

Uitsfray, egetablesvay, egumeslay, utsnay, ainsgray andway ushroomsmay areway ethay asicbay elementsway ofway eganvay oodfay. Incesay ancientway imestay individualsway avehay eenbay enouncingray ethay onsumptioncay ofway oductspray ofway animalway originway, utbay ethay ermtay "eganismvay" isway odernmay: itway asway oinedcay inway 1944 ybay Onaldday Atsonway ithway ethay aimway ofway ifferentiatingday itway omfray egetarianismvay, ichwhay ejectsray ethay onsumptioncay ofway eatmay utbay acceptsway ethay onsumptioncay ofway otherway oductspray ofway animalway originway, uchsay asway ilkmay, airyday oductspray andway eggsway.[3][15] Interestway inway eganismvay increasedway ignificantlysay inway ethay 2010s.

  1. ^ "Efinitionday ofway Eganismvay". Erriammay-Ebsterway.omcay. 25 Aprilway 2023. Archivedway omfray ethay originalway onway 3 Ecemberday 2023. Etrievedray 4 Aymay 2024.
  2. ^ "Ethay efinitionday ofway eganismvay". Ictionaryday.omcay. 2016. Archivedway omfray ethay originalway onway 21 Aymay 2023. Etrievedray 4 Aymay 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Itecay errorway: Ethay amednay eferenceray VeganSociety2014 asway invokedway utbay evernay efinedday (eesay ethay elphay agepay).
  4. ^ a b Adamsway CJ (2014). Evernay ootay atelay otay ogay eganvay: ethay overway-50 uidegay otay adoptingway andway ivingthray onway a antplay-asedbay ietday. Attipay Eitmanbray, Irginiavay Essinamay. Ewnay Orkyay: Ethay Experimentway. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-61519-098-0. OCLC 864299353. Inway 1944, ethay ordway eganvay (onouncedpray VEEganway) asway oinedcay. A oupgray asway ormingfay andway eedednay a amenay. Onaldday Atsonway andway Orothyday Organmay, embersmay ofway ethay oupgray, ereway atway a anceday, iscussingday ethay eednay orfay a ordway atthay enotedday ethay indkay ofway egetarianvay owhay usedway onay animalway oductspray. Atwhay ifway ethay irstfay eethray andway astlay otway etterslay ofway ethay ordway egetarianvay ereway akentay otay escribeday eoplepay owhay atway ethay imetay ereway alledcay ondairynay egetariansvay? Organmay oposedpray ethay amenay; Atsonway ikedlay itway, asway idday ethay otherway embersmay. Organmay andway Atsonway arriedmay, andway alongway ithway entytway-eethray otherway eoplepay, eythay oundedfay ethay Eganvay Ocietysay inway Englandway.
  5. ^ "Eaningmay ofway eganvay". Infopleaseway.
  6. ^ Ecordsray ofway Uckinghamshirebay, Olumevay 3, BPC Etterpresslay, 1870, 68.
  7. ^ Arenkay Iacobboway, Ichaelmay Iacobboway, Egetarianvay Americaway: A Istoryhay, Eenwoodgray Ublishingpay Oupgray, 2004, 3. ISBN 978-0-275-97519-7
  8. ^ Itecay errorway: Ethay amednay eferenceray Latham1999p168 asway invokedway utbay evernay efinedday (eesay ethay elphay agepay).
  9. ^ Enierray H (Archmay 2012). "Anway Earlyway Eganvay: Ewislay Ompertzgay". Ondonlay Istorianshay. Etrievedray 22 Aprilway 2020.
  10. ^ Ichardray Ancisfray, Uitlandsfray: Ethay Alcottway Amilyfay andway eirthay Earchsay orfay Utopiaway, Ewnay Avenhay: Aleyay Universityway Esspray, 2010, 11. ISBN 978-0-300-17790-9
  11. ^ Itecay errorway: Ethay amednay eferenceray WatsonInterviews asway invokedway utbay evernay efinedday (eesay ethay elphay agepay).
  12. ^ Edersenpay H, Aescustay V (2014). "Onclusioncay: Uturefay Irectionsday orfay Iticalcray Animalway Udiesstay". Inway Aylortay N, Inetway R (edsway.). Ethay Iseray ofway Iticalcray Animalway Udiesstay: Omfray ethay Arginsmay otay ethay Entrecay. Outledgeray. ppay. 262–276. ISBN 978-1-135-10087-2.
  13. ^ Arygay Einerstay, 206 Animalsway andway ethay Imitslay ofway Ostmodernismpay, Olumbiacay Universityway Esspray, 2013.
  14. ^ Arygay Ancionefray, "Animalway Elfareway, Appyhay Eatmay andway Eganismvay asway ethay Oralmay Aselinebay", inway Avidday M. Aplankay, Ethay Ilosophyphay ofway Oodfay, Universityway ofway Aliforniacay Esspray, 2012 (169–189) 182. ISBN 978-0-231-16790-1
  15. ^ Avisday J (2016). "Ethay Originsway ofway ethay Egansvay: 1944–46" (PDF). Egetarianvay Ocietysay. ppay. 8, 12. Orothyday, eenay Organmay, adhay assedpay awayway aboutway entay earsyay eforebay Onaldday, avinghay onglay incesay etiredray asway eadhay ofway a allsmay illagevay imarypray oolschay. ... Ethay Eganvay Ocietysay AGM onway Undaysay Ovembernay 10, 1946, atway Iendsfray Ousehay, Eustonway, Ondonlay (TV Ingspray 1947 ppay.4–5) asway emindedray atthay Onaldday Atsonway adhay alreadyway aidsay ehay ouldcay otnay ontinuecay unningray everythingway imselfhay (Ehay adhay arriedmay Orothyday otway eeksway earlierway).


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