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Veganism
Veganism
	The symbol widely used to denote a vegan-friendly product
Pronunciation	Veganism /ˈviːɡənɪzəm/ VEE-gə-niz-əm; Vegan /ˈviːɡən/ VEE-gən
Description	Avoiding the use of animal products, particularly in diet
Earliest proponents	Al-Ma'arri (c. 973 – c. 1057); Roger Crab (1621 – 1680); Johann Conrad Beissel (1691 – 1768); James Pierrepont Greaves (1777 – 1842); Lewis Gompertz (c. 1784 – 1861); Amos Bronson Alcott (1799 – 1888); Donald Watson (1910 – 2005);
Term coined by	Dorothy Morgan and Donald Watson (November 1944)
Notable vegans	List of vegans
Notable publications	List of vegan media

Veganism
Veganism
	The symbol widely used to denote a vegan-friendly product
Pronunciation	Veganism /ˈviːɡənɪzəm/ VEE-gə-niz-əm; Vegan /ˈviːɡən/ VEE-gən
Description	Avoiding the use of animal products, particularly in diet
Earliest proponents	Al-Ma'arri (c. 973 – c. 1057); Roger Crab (1621 – 1680); Johann Conrad Beissel (1691 – 1768); James Pierrepont Greaves (1777 – 1842); Lewis Gompertz (c. 1784 – 1861); Amos Bronson Alcott (1799 – 1888); Donald Watson (1910 – 2005);
Term coined by	Dorothy Morgan and Donald Watson (November 1944)
Notable vegans	List of vegans
Notable publications	List of vegan media

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Intro

{{Wikipedia excerpt|Veganism|0}}

From Wikipedia – Veganism

Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products—particularly in diet—and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.^[c] A person who practices veganism is known as a vegan.

The foundations of veganism include ethical, moral, environmental, health and humanitarian arguments. Veganism excludes all animal use, for example in food (meat, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products, honey), in clothing and industry (leather, wool, fur and some cosmetics), entertainment (zoos, exotic pets, circuses), or services (guide dogs, police dogs, hunting dogs, working animals, or animal testing, including medical experimentation).

A person who practices veganism may do so for personal health benefits or to reduce animal deaths, minimize animal suffering, or minimize their ecological footprint.

Fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, grains and mushrooms are the basic elements of vegan food. Since ancient times individuals have been renouncing the consumption of products of animal origin, but the term "veganism" is modern: it was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson with the aim of differentiating it from vegetarianism, which rejects the consumption of meat but accepts the consumption of other products of animal origin, such as milk, dairy products and eggs.^[3]^[15] Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s.

^ "Definition of Veganism". Merriam-Webster.com. 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
^ "The definition of veganism". Dictionary.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cite error: The named reference VeganSociety2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Adams CJ (2014). Never too late to go vegan: the over-50 guide to adopting and thriving on a plant-based diet. Patti Breitman, Virginia Messina. New York: The Experiment. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-61519-098-0. OCLC 864299353. In 1944, the word vegan (pronounced VEEgan) was coined. A group was forming and needed a name. Donald Watson and Dorothy Morgan, members of the group, were at a dance, discussing the need for a word that denoted the kind of vegetarian who used no animal products. What if the first three and last two letters of the word vegetarian were taken to describe people who at the time were called nondairy vegetarians? Morgan proposed the name; Watson liked it, as did the other members. Morgan and Watson married, and along with twenty-three other people, they founded the Vegan Society in England.
^ "Meaning of vegan". Infoplease.
^ Records of Buckinghamshire, Volume 3, BPC Letterpress, 1870, 68.
^ Karen Iacobbo, Michael Iacobbo, Vegetarian America: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, 3. ISBN 978-0-275-97519-7
^ Cite error: The named reference Latham1999p168 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Renier H (March 2012). "An Early Vegan: Lewis Gompertz". London Historians. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ Richard Francis, Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, 11. ISBN 978-0-300-17790-9
^ Cite error: The named reference WatsonInterviews was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Pedersen H, Staescu V (2014). "Conclusion: Future Directions for Critical Animal Studies". In Taylor N, Twine R (eds.). The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: From the Margins to the Centre. Routledge. pp. 262–276. ISBN 978-1-135-10087-2.
^ Gary Steiner, 206 Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism, Columbia University Press, 2013.
^ Gary Francione, "Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", in David M. Kaplan, The Philosophy of Food, University of California Press, 2012 (169–189) 182. ISBN 978-0-231-16790-1
^ Davis J (2016). "The Origins of the Vegans: 1944–46" (PDF). Vegetarian Society. pp. 8, 12. Dorothy, nee Morgan, had passed away about ten years before Donald, having long since retired as head of a small village primary school. ... The Vegan Society AGM on Sunday November 10, 1946, at Friends House, Euston, London (TV Spring 1947 pp.4–5) was reminded that Donald Watson had already said he could not continue running everything himself (He had married Dorothy two weeks earlier).

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

Section

{{Wikipedia excerpt|Veganism|2}}

From Wikipedia – Veganism

Historical background

Vegetarianism can be traced back to the Indus Valley civilization in 3300–1300 BCE in the Indian subcontinent,^[1]^[2]^[3] particularly in northern and western ancient India.^[4] Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as Parshavnatha, Mahavira, Acharya Kundakunda, Umaswati, Samantabhadra, and Valluvar; the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka; Greek philosophers such as Empedocles, Theophrastus, Plutarch, Plotinus, and Porphyry; and the Roman poet Ovid and the playwright Seneca the Younger.^[5]^[6] The Greek sage Pythagoras may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism,^[7]^[8] but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism.^[9] He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans^[9] and wearing woolen garments.^[9] Eudoxus of Cnidus, a student of Archytas and Plato, writes, "Pythagoras was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters".^[9] One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet al-Maʿarri, famous for his poem "I No Longer Steal From Nature". (c. 973 – c. 1057).^[10]^[a] Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls, animal welfare, and the view—espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium ("On Abstinence from Animal Food", c. 268 – c. 270)—that if humans deserve justice, then so do animals.^[5]

^ Bajpai S (2011). The History of India – From Ancient to Modern Times. Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA). ISBN 978-1-934145-38-8.
^ Spencer C (1996). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. Fourth Estate Classic House. pp. 33–68, 69–84. ISBN 978-0-87451-760-6.
^ Tähtinen U (1976). Ahimsa: Non-violence in Indian tradition. London: [1976], Rider and Company. ISBN 978-0-09-123340-2.
^ Singh U (2008). A History of Ancient and Early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 137. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
^ ^a ^b Dombrowski DA (January 1984). "Vegetarianism and the Argument from Marginal Cases in Porphyry". Journal of the History of Ideas. 45 (1): 141–143. doi:10.2307/2709335. ISSN 0022-5037. JSTOR 2709335. PMID 11611354.

Daniel A. Dombrowski, The Philosophy of Vegetarianism, University of Massachusetts Press, 1984, 2.
^ For Valluvar, see Kamil Zvelebil, The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India ISBN 978-90-04-03591-1, E. J. Brill, 1973, pp. 156–171.
P. S. Sundaram, Tiruvalluvar Kural, Penguin, 1990, p. 13. ISBN 978-0-14-400009-8
A. A. Manavalan, Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) (1 ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies, 2009, pp. 127–129.
^ Kahn CH (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8.
^ Cornelli G, McKirahan R (2013). In Search of Pythagoreanism: Pythagoreanism as an Historiographical Category. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. p. 168. ISBN 978-3-11-030650-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zhmud L (2012). Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans. Translated by Windle K, Ireland R. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 200, 235. ISBN 978-0-19-928931-8.
^ Margoliouth DS (15 March 2011). "Art. XI.—Abu'l-'Alā al- Ma'arrī's Correspondence on Vegetarianism". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 34 (2): 289–332. doi:10.1017/s0035869x0002921x. JSTOR 25208409. S2CID 163229071.
^ Geert Jan van Gelder, Gregor Schoeler, "Introduction", in Abu l-Ala al-Maarri, The Epistle of Forgiveness Or A Pardon to Enter the Garden, Volume 2, New York and London: New York University Press, 2016, xxvii. ISBN 978-1-4798-3494-5

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

Paragraph

{{Wikipedia excerpt|Veganism|paragraphs=1}}

From Wikipedia – Veganism

Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products—particularly in diet—and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.^[c] A person who practices veganism is known as a vegan.

The foundations of veganism include ethical, moral, environmental, health and humanitarian arguments. Veganism excludes all animal use, for example in food (meat, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products, honey), in clothing and industry (leather, wool, fur and some cosmetics), entertainment (zoos, exotic pets, circuses), or services (guide dogs, police dogs, hunting dogs, working animals, or animal testing, including medical experimentation).

A person who practices veganism may do so for personal health benefits or to reduce animal deaths, minimize animal suffering, or minimize their ecological footprint.

Fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, grains and mushrooms are the basic elements of vegan food. Since ancient times individuals have been renouncing the consumption of products of animal origin, but the term "veganism" is modern: it was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson with the aim of differentiating it from vegetarianism, which rejects the consumption of meat but accepts the consumption of other products of animal origin, such as milk, dairy products and eggs.^[3]^[15] Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s.

^ "Definition of Veganism". Merriam-Webster.com. 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
^ "The definition of veganism". Dictionary.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cite error: The named reference VeganSociety2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Adams CJ (2014). Never too late to go vegan: the over-50 guide to adopting and thriving on a plant-based diet. Patti Breitman, Virginia Messina. New York: The Experiment. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-61519-098-0. OCLC 864299353. In 1944, the word vegan (pronounced VEEgan) was coined. A group was forming and needed a name. Donald Watson and Dorothy Morgan, members of the group, were at a dance, discussing the need for a word that denoted the kind of vegetarian who used no animal products. What if the first three and last two letters of the word vegetarian were taken to describe people who at the time were called nondairy vegetarians? Morgan proposed the name; Watson liked it, as did the other members. Morgan and Watson married, and along with twenty-three other people, they founded the Vegan Society in England.
^ "Meaning of vegan". Infoplease.
^ Records of Buckinghamshire, Volume 3, BPC Letterpress, 1870, 68.
^ Karen Iacobbo, Michael Iacobbo, Vegetarian America: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, 3. ISBN 978-0-275-97519-7
^ Cite error: The named reference Latham1999p168 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Renier H (March 2012). "An Early Vegan: Lewis Gompertz". London Historians. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ Richard Francis, Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, 11. ISBN 978-0-300-17790-9
^ Cite error: The named reference WatsonInterviews was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Pedersen H, Staescu V (2014). "Conclusion: Future Directions for Critical Animal Studies". In Taylor N, Twine R (eds.). The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: From the Margins to the Centre. Routledge. pp. 262–276. ISBN 978-1-135-10087-2.
^ Gary Steiner, 206 Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism, Columbia University Press, 2013.
^ Gary Francione, "Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", in David M. Kaplan, The Philosophy of Food, University of California Press, 2012 (169–189) 182. ISBN 978-0-231-16790-1
^ Davis J (2016). "The Origins of the Vegans: 1944–46" (PDF). Vegetarian Society. pp. 8, 12. Dorothy, nee Morgan, had passed away about ten years before Donald, having long since retired as head of a small village primary school. ... The Vegan Society AGM on Sunday November 10, 1946, at Friends House, Euston, London (TV Spring 1947 pp.4–5) was reminded that Donald Watson had already said he could not continue running everything himself (He had married Dorothy two weeks earlier).

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

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[1] "Definition of Veganism". Merriam-Webster.com. 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

[2] "The definition of veganism". Dictionary.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

[VeganSociety2014-3] Cite error: The named reference VeganSociety2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[AdamsEtAl2014-4] Adams CJ (2014). Never too late to go vegan: the over-50 guide to adopting and thriving on a plant-based diet. Patti Breitman, Virginia Messina. New York: The Experiment. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-61519-098-0. OCLC 864299353. In 1944, the word vegan (pronounced VEEgan) was coined. A group was forming and needed a name. Donald Watson and Dorothy Morgan, members of the group, were at a dance, discussing the need for a word that denoted the kind of vegetarian who used no animal products. What if the first three and last two letters of the word vegetarian were taken to describe people who at the time were called nondairy vegetarians? Morgan proposed the name; Watson liked it, as did the other members. Morgan and Watson married, and along with twenty-three other people, they founded the Vegan Society in England.

[rh1997-5] "Meaning of vegan". Infoplease.

[8] Records of Buckinghamshire, Volume 3, BPC Letterpress, 1870, 68.

[9] Karen Iacobbo, Michael Iacobbo, Vegetarian America: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, 3. ISBN 978-0-275-97519-7

[Latham1999p168-10] Cite error: The named reference Latham1999p168 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Renier2012-11] Renier H (March 2012). "An Early Vegan: Lewis Gompertz". London Historians. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

[Francis2010p11-12] Richard Francis, Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, 11. ISBN 978-0-300-17790-9

[WatsonInterviews-13] Cite error: The named reference WatsonInterviews was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[14] Pedersen H, Staescu V (2014). "Conclusion: Future Directions for Critical Animal Studies". In Taylor N, Twine R (eds.). The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: From the Margins to the Centre. Routledge. pp. 262–276. ISBN 978-1-135-10087-2.

[15] Gary Steiner, 206 Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism, Columbia University Press, 2013.

[16] Gary Francione, "Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", in David M. Kaplan, The Philosophy of Food, University of California Press, 2012 (169–189) 182. ISBN 978-0-231-16790-1

[Davis2016-18] Davis J (2016). "The Origins of the Vegans: 1944–46" (PDF). Vegetarian Society. pp. 8, 12. Dorothy, nee Morgan, had passed away about ten years before Donald, having long since retired as head of a small village primary school. ... The Vegan Society AGM on Sunday November 10, 1946, at Friends House, Euston, London (TV Spring 1947 pp.4–5) was reminded that Donald Watson had already said he could not continue running everything himself (He had married Dorothy two weeks earlier).

[1] Bajpai S (2011). The History of India – From Ancient to Modern Times. Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA). ISBN 978-1-934145-38-8.

[2] Spencer C (1996). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. Fourth Estate Classic House. pp. 33–68, 69–84. ISBN 978-0-87451-760-6.

[3] Tähtinen U (1976). Ahimsa: Non-violence in Indian tradition. London: [1976], Rider and Company. ISBN 978-0-09-123340-2.

[Singh2008-4] Singh U (2008). A History of Ancient and Early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 137. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.

[Dombrowski1984-5] Dombrowski DA (January 1984). "Vegetarianism and the Argument from Marginal Cases in Porphyry". Journal of the History of Ideas. 45 (1): 141–143. doi:10.2307/2709335. ISSN 0022-5037. JSTOR 2709335. PMID 11611354.

Daniel A. Dombrowski, The Philosophy of Vegetarianism, University of Massachusetts Press, 1984, 2.

[6] For Valluvar, see Kamil Zvelebil, The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India ISBN 978-90-04-03591-1, E. J. Brill, 1973, pp. 156–171.
P. S. Sundaram, Tiruvalluvar Kural, Penguin, 1990, p. 13. ISBN 978-0-14-400009-8
A. A. Manavalan, Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) (1 ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies, 2009, pp. 127–129.

[7] Kahn CH (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8.

[8] Cornelli G, McKirahan R (2013). In Search of Pythagoreanism: Pythagoreanism as an Historiographical Category. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. p. 168. ISBN 978-3-11-030650-7.

[Zhmud-9] Zhmud L (2012). Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans. Translated by Windle K, Ireland R. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 200, 235. ISBN 978-0-19-928931-8.

[10] Margoliouth DS (15 March 2011). "Art. XI.—Abu'l-'Alā al- Ma'arrī's Correspondence on Vegetarianism". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 34 (2): 289–332. doi:10.1017/s0035869x0002921x. JSTOR 25208409. S2CID 163229071.

[Gelder2016-11] Geert Jan van Gelder, Gregor Schoeler, "Introduction", in Abu l-Ala al-Maarri, The Epistle of Forgiveness Or A Pardon to Enter the Garden, Volume 2, New York and London: New York University Press, 2016, xxvii. ISBN 978-1-4798-3494-5

[1] "Definition of Veganism". Merriam-Webster.com. 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

[2] "The definition of veganism". Dictionary.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

[VeganSociety2014-3] Cite error: The named reference VeganSociety2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[AdamsEtAl2014-4] Adams CJ (2014). Never too late to go vegan: the over-50 guide to adopting and thriving on a plant-based diet. Patti Breitman, Virginia Messina. New York: The Experiment. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-61519-098-0. OCLC 864299353. In 1944, the word vegan (pronounced VEEgan) was coined. A group was forming and needed a name. Donald Watson and Dorothy Morgan, members of the group, were at a dance, discussing the need for a word that denoted the kind of vegetarian who used no animal products. What if the first three and last two letters of the word vegetarian were taken to describe people who at the time were called nondairy vegetarians? Morgan proposed the name; Watson liked it, as did the other members. Morgan and Watson married, and along with twenty-three other people, they founded the Vegan Society in England.

[rh1997-5] "Meaning of vegan". Infoplease.

[8] Records of Buckinghamshire, Volume 3, BPC Letterpress, 1870, 68.

[9] Karen Iacobbo, Michael Iacobbo, Vegetarian America: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, 3. ISBN 978-0-275-97519-7

[Latham1999p168-10] Cite error: The named reference Latham1999p168 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Renier2012-11] Renier H (March 2012). "An Early Vegan: Lewis Gompertz". London Historians. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

[Francis2010p11-12] Richard Francis, Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, 11. ISBN 978-0-300-17790-9

[WatsonInterviews-13] Cite error: The named reference WatsonInterviews was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[14] Pedersen H, Staescu V (2014). "Conclusion: Future Directions for Critical Animal Studies". In Taylor N, Twine R (eds.). The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: From the Margins to the Centre. Routledge. pp. 262–276. ISBN 978-1-135-10087-2.

[15] Gary Steiner, 206 Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism, Columbia University Press, 2013.

[16] Gary Francione, "Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", in David M. Kaplan, The Philosophy of Food, University of California Press, 2012 (169–189) 182. ISBN 978-0-231-16790-1

[Davis2016-18] Davis J (2016). "The Origins of the Vegans: 1944–46" (PDF). Vegetarian Society. pp. 8, 12. Dorothy, nee Morgan, had passed away about ten years before Donald, having long since retired as head of a small village primary school. ... The Vegan Society AGM on Sunday November 10, 1946, at Friends House, Euston, London (TV Spring 1947 pp.4–5) was reminded that Donald Watson had already said he could not continue running everything himself (He had married Dorothy two weeks earlier).

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[8]

[9]

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Veganism
The symbol widely used to denote a vegan-friendly product
Pronunciation	Veganism /ˈviːɡənɪzəm/ VEE-gə-niz-əm Vegan /ˈviːɡən/ VEE-gən^[a]
Description	Avoiding the use of animal products, particularly in diet
Earliest proponents	Al-Ma'arri (c. 973 – c. 1057)^[b] Roger Crab (1621 – 1680)^[6] Johann Conrad Beissel (1691 – 1768)^[7] James Pierrepont Greaves (1777 – 1842)^[8] Lewis Gompertz (c. 1784 – 1861)^[9] Amos Bronson Alcott (1799 – 1888)^[10] Donald Watson (1910 – 2005)^[11]
Term coined by	Dorothy Morgan and Donald Watson (November 1944)^[3]^[4]
Notable vegans	List of vegans
Notable publications	List of vegan media